Crimes Against Children

Crimes Against Children Child abuse has been a major social concern only since the 1950s but adults have victimized children throughout history. Children are the most vulnerable of all groups which is why child abuse victims are of great concern to society. There are different forms of crimes against children, child abuse, physical or sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Child abuse is the neglect of or violence against children. From 1998 to 2000, 367,000 children were harmed by their parents.Physical abuse includes intentionally beating, biting, burning, strangling, hitting, kicking or shaking a child. In the 1060s the term â€Å"battered child syndrome† was coined. This is a condition where a child suffers serious physical injury usually inflicted by their parents or caregiver. Sexual abuse of children is particularly offensive and is the least commonly reported form of family violence. Unfortunately child sex abusers are family members and friends or neighbors of the victim. In many cases the child has a trusting relationship with the abuser.Emotional abuse is more subtle and involves power or control to harm the victim’s sense of self. Tactics such as verbal threats, social isolation, intimidation, exploitation, terrorizing a child or exposing him to family violence all serve to diminish a child’s self-worth and can cause impaired psychological growth. Child neglect is the chronic and repetitive failure to provide children with food, clothing, shelter, medical care or protection from harm. It constitutes the largest category of child abuse offenders.Fifty-two percent of all child abuse cases in the Unites States involve neglect. Parental alcoholism, drug problems and other inadequate social and family functions are among the factors affecting the child’s response to victimization. More needs to be learned about the long term consequences of childhood victimization. This article discusses what is known from past studies and also present finding of more recent research. Child maltreatment has physical, psychological, cognitive and behavioral consequences.These include minor injuries to brain damage and even death, low self- esteem, depression, substance abuse and suicide attempt. Cognitive effects include attention problems, learning disorders and poor school performance. Behavior issues range from poor peer relations to physical aggression to violent behavior. Males and females react differently to abuse. Males tend to externalize their feeling and are more likely to develop conduct disorders, while females tend to internalize their feelings leading to depressive disorders.Practices of the community and the justice and social services systems may have long-term effects. Children who are members of racial or ethnic minorities often meet with discrimination. Researches have suggested that victimized children are more likely to develop behavior problems in adolescence and may be labeled juvenile offender s. Abused and neglected children score lower on IQ tests and usually fail to complete school which leads to menial and unskilled jobs. Interpersonal relationships are also affected by child maltreatment.Frequent divorce and separation are more common in abused and neglected people. Childhood abuse also increases the risk of being arrested for violent crime. The psychological and emotional fallout for abused children include suicide attempts, antisocial personality disorder and alcohol abuse or dependency. Abused and neglected children may exhibit aggressiveness and behavior problems in childhood, delinquency in adolescence and antisocial and criminal behavior in adulthood.These children, as adults, may be more prone to become abusive themselves. Recent research indicates that child neglect especially at an early age causes substantial problems. Some forms of early neglect lead to â€Å"severe, chronic and irreversible damage†. There are many mechanisms by which abuse and negl ect affect a child but finding a single mechanism that explains all cases of abuse and neglect is highly unlikely. Both the textbook and the journal article agree that childhood abuse causes substantial problems later in life.

How Did Mass Media Influence Adolescents and Children in the Last Ten Years? Essay

TV Media’s Influence on Child Development http://www. cleancutmedia. com/tv-shows/tv-medias-influence-on-child-development â€Å"Several risks to pediatric health are literally staring children in the face. It’s time to call the doctor. † Want to share this old, but great article from the Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin. Very interesting points about how media cuts into many issues such as obesity, eating disorders, attention disorders, violence, sex, and drug use and how Medical Professionals need to deeply consider how much media has an influence on the development of these. As this fairly long article is well written, I will simply excerpt huge chunks of it. I’ve copied out significant paragraphs and bolded the main points. Hope it is helpful. Full Article  Here. The most important thing we’ve learned, So far as children are concerned, Is never, never, never let Them near your television set†¦ They sit and stare and stare and sit Until they’re hypnotized by it†¦ Did you ever wonder exactly what This does to your beloved tot? His brain becomes as soft as cheese His powers of thinking rust and freeze He cannot think—he only sees! the Oompa-Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory TV Media on Child Development The Oompa-Loompas’ cautionary song about the hypnotic effects of television on children may have seemed alarmist in 1964 when Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published, but now its lyrics seem almost understated. In Roald Dahl’s story, television addict Mike Teavee pays for his obs ession by getting shrunk to the size of an actor on a television screen. Dahl exaggerates the effects of excessive viewing, but for children glued to media screens today, the consequences may be more insidious and just as hazardous. Decades of research have established that television and other screen media—movies, the Internet, and video games—constitute a powerful environmental influence on children’s health and development, according to the Center on Media and Child Health at Children’s Hospital Boston. American children aged 8 to 18 spend an average of 6 hours and 21 minutes daily using media—more time than they spend in school or with their parents. And the risks of so much time spent in thrall to their screens are serious. More than 2,200 studies have linked media use and aggressive behavior. By age 18, a child will, on average, have witnessed 200,000 acts of violence, including 18,000 murders. Children’s programs—shows that one would expect to be free of violence—average 14 violent acts per hour, 8 more than adult programs. For adolescents, the influence of violence in media may even prove fatal: the top three causes of death among 15- to 19-year-olds all involve accidental or intended violence. Media’s Influence on the Mind Like the Oompa-Loompas, Michael Rich ’91 understands the powerful clutch media can have on the mind, especially the mind of a child. So well has research documented the connection between watching violence on television and aggressive behavior, he says, that the correlation is â€Å"stronger than those linking calcium with bone density and passive smoke with lung cancer. † Rich, a pediatrician and former filmmaker who worked for two years with the famed Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, directs the Center on Media and Child Health. Much of Rich’s research has focused on the dangers stemming from the violence depicted on television and, more recently, the violence that permeates video games. One 2004 study by another group compared the physiological responses of adults playing four different video games, two with storylines and two without. The researchers found that story-based video games led to significantly more character and game identification and increased physiological arousal. Other studies have documented how such physiological responses can lead to aggression. â€Å"If you watch a violent show and a half hour later go to a store where someone cuts you in line, you’re more likely to respond aggressively,† Rich says. â€Å"Over time, small incidents accumulate and form patterns of violent behavior. What matters is that you learn from what you experience. † And by learning, he means the hardwired kind. â€Å"Brain mapping indicates that media violence is processed along primitive survival pathways and stored in long-term memory,† he says. In other words, we embed media violence deeply in our brains. In work with functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, Rich’s team has discovered that â€Å"the brain regions activated when viewing violence onscreen are the same ones that light up when those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder relive their traumas. † Alvin Poussaint, founder of the Media Center at the Judge Baker Children’s Center and an HMS professor of psychiatry, says that the way children learn from television can cause another form of lasting harm. â€Å"If children watch ‘edutainment’—shows that teach through song and dance—they begin to associate learning with an entertainment format and expect that format when they go to school,† he says. â€Å"But teachers aren’t going to sing and dance for them. So then children complain that school is boring. Compared to the fast-paced, exciting shows they’re used to on television, it is boring. Nothing will meet that standard. Television constantly ups the ante. † Some of the newest research suggests that television and the multimedia world in which children simultaneously watch MTV, listen to iPods, and chat on the Internet may be contributing to the increase in diagnoses of attention disorders. Rich believes that fMRI studies on attention, which are only now just getting started, will help establish whether a connection exists. Certainly, researchers have found a correlation between media use and reading. â€Å"Kids who watch the most television don’t do as well in school,† says Poussaint. Television is not the best way to learn; it’s too passive and noninteractive. † A 2003 study found that toddlers and older children with screen media in their bedrooms learned to read later and read less than those with no screen media in their rooms. The Oompa-Loompas begin to seem like prophets. Media can be a Good Influence on Development John Livings tone ’58, a pediatric psychiatrist at McLean Hospital, an HMS assistant professor, and a consultant to the television industry, is campaigning for PBS to embed emotional literacy in its new programming and for the cable industry to embrace health-risk standards. Television shows can model positive ways for handling feelings,† he says. â€Å"Social learning research shows that when children watch likable characters struggling with decision-making, they can learn better impulse control, especially when they see the realistic results of the choices the characters made. † The power of prosocial programming can be so strong, Livingstone adds, that even violent content—when portrayed realistically and in the context of outcomes—can be beneficial. â€Å"If it’s handled well,† he says, â€Å"violence with consequences can promote socially responsible behavior. Let’s say a show features a gang of kids on a street. In one scenario, a gang member remarks that a passing kid looks like a wimp and says, ‘Let’s punch him out. ’ The group beats him up. † â€Å"In a better scenario,† Livingstone says, â€Å"the gang member remarks that a passing kid looks like a wimp and says, ‘Let’s punch him out. ’ But this time a likable gang member speaks up against the plan, then another and another. Half the group takes off in protest. The other half beats the boy up and later faces legal and parental repercussions. The program could retain its dramatic tension while modeling a socially acceptable option in the teenager’s world. † Change Media Intake, Change Everything Else Strasburger, who researches media’s effects on children and adolescents at the University of New Mexico, also wants to promote media literacy, but finds it difficult to convince physicians, parents, and teachers that the issue should take priority. â€Å"When I consulted with the National Parent Teacher Association,† he says, â€Å"its leaders had a hundred concerns on their list, and media literacy was nowhere near the top. They wanted to talk about obesity, eating disorders, and bullying, but didn’t realize that media affect all those problems. Many parents and teachers believe media have a minor influence. That might have been true when they were growing up, but it sure isn’t the case now. † Poussaint adds that parents should play an important role. â€Å"Parents need to watch television with their children and explain what’s make-believe,† he says. â€Å"Commercials are especially insidious, because children don’t begin to understand the persuasive intent of ads until about age eight. Commercials also pit children against parents. Television tells children a particular candy bar will make them happy and, when parents refuse to allow it, the children see their parents as denying them this happiness. † Strasburger says some of this work can be done in school. â€Å"We need to teach kids skepticism about advertising and television programming,† he says. â€Å"They should understand, for example, why a commercial or show airs when it does. We already have a system in place for teaching media literacy: sex and drug education programs in schools. Both could incorporate media literacy, and teachers could take the lead. †

The Existential And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - 1397 Words

In the contemporary, there are numerous approaches to the counselling and therapy. One of the currently popular ones are the existential and the cognitive-behavioural therapies. This essay will compare and contrast the existential and cognitive-behavioural approaches to understanding and working with fear and sadness. Firstly, their history. Secondly, their perceptions on the fear and sadness. Thirdly, their approach to the diagnosis. Then, the therapeutic relation in them. And finally, the processes of therapy of fear and sadness. Throughout the comparison, I will indicate which of the approaches I am more drawn to and why. Both of the approaches were developed by the former psychoanalysts but drawing from different sources. The†¦show more content†¦However, the popularity of its ideas seems to be rising. There are both differences and similarities in how the existential therapy and the cognitive-behavioural therapy understand the fear and sadness. The existential therapy explains them with the ideas about life from the existential philosophy (Langdridge, 2010). The cognitive-behavioural therapy perceives them as a result of the negative meanings that people assign to the events in their life (Salkovskis, 2010). Fear, in the existential therapy, is a manifestation of the existential anxiety. This is an universal phenomenon resulting from the fact that the human life is a situation which we haven’t chosen, in which we have to constantly make free choices - and take the responsibility for this freedom – and we cannot be sure about the outcomes of the choices we make. It is also a result of the awareness of the inevitable death. The cognitive-behavioural therapy claims that fear occurs when a person perceives a danger or a threat. This can be a physical danger, a social dan ger or related to a person’s role. It can be a real one or only a bare product of interpretation. The negative interpretations can cause reactions that can lead to consequent events and negative interpretations. This forms a vicious circle which is responsible for the development and maintenance of the anxiety. The existential therapy sees fear and anxiety as related to the human existence. In contrast, the cognitive-behavioural therapy relatesShow MoreRelatedPsychology, Existential And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1727 Words   |  7 PagesMy top five theories are Gestalt, Reality, Person Centered, Existential and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Within these five theories my top five aspects that I would like to incorporate into my own personal model of counseling is as follows: 1.) From Gestalt therapy I would incorporate staying with the feeling and use experiments along with internal dialogue exercises (Corey, 2013). The aspect of getting to the root of unfinished business in regards to impasse is appealing in regards to this theoryRead MorePsychodynamic Approach On Human Nature1108 Words   |  5 Pagespsychodynamic, cognitive- behavioral, existential- humanistic, and postmodern approach. â€Å"Psychodynamic approach sees human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.† (McLeod, 2007, para. 4). Psychodynamic approach uses conscious and unconscious forces to explain one s personality. Sigmund Freud is looked upon as one of the creators of this movement. â€Å"Cognitive- behavioral approach,Read MoreCognitive Therapies And Behavioral Therapy982 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy, on the contrary, utilizes directive consulting tools to control and guide its patients. These include such things as asking questions, interpreting, and providing direction to a client’s attention and emotions. â€Å"Aaron Be ck developed cognitive therapy, an approach that focuses on recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs into more realistic and constructive thoughts and beliefs† (Erford, 2014). It is believed that cognitive behavioral therapyRead MoreExamining Effectiveness Of Treatment Strategies Used With Survivors Of Rape1357 Words   |  6 PagesExamining Effectiveness of Treatment Strategies Used With Survivors of Rape Therapy for survivors of rape is often difficult to obtain. The lack of availability of counselors who specialize in specific trauma treatments, like prolonged exposure and cognitive-processing therapy, as well as lack of insurance and location, are hardships for treatment-seeking individuals. Therefore, it is important to pinpoint the most effective treatments for those who have suffered the trauma of rape. The purposeRead MorePsycho Dynamic Psychology Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensive technique. The humanistic/existential approach associated with the conviction that human beings are alone in this world, for the reason of this belief is that a person may perhaps feel a sense of meaningless, this roundabout approach does offers positive growth, the opportunity for the patient to recognize his or her problems furthermore encourages themselves to create his or her own values in addition to meanings and to make changes. Cognitive mental aspect of behaviour is based onRead MoreIs Psychotherapy Based On Science?873 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers often focus on the most frequently used approaches. These approaches are psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and behavioral. Psychoanalytic therapy was the first major psychological therapy created by Sigmund Freud. Freud thought people could achieve healthier, less anxious living by releasing the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts. The aim of Freud’s therapy was to bring patients repressed feelings into conscious awareness. By helping patients uncover hidden thoughtsRead MoreCarl Gustav and Sigmund Freud on Human Nature and Existencial Theory926 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretically rooted in spirituality and mysticism, and as a result of splitting from Freud, he developed the school of psychology known as analytical psychology. In stark contrast to Freud, Jung emphasized the second half of ones life and developed a more existential approach due to his emphasis on the importance of the meaning that once ascribes to their life. In order to develop appropriate at this juncture, Jung determined that during this later stage of life one must first let go of behaviors that mol dedRead MoreUse Of Existential Therapists View Themselves As Companions996 Words   |  4 PagesTechniques Used Existential therapists view themselves as companions; not someone who is going teach and lead the individual to change because they view therapy as a journey client and therapist go through together. Each learning from one another and each having the same room and opportunity for growth. Van Deurzen explains â€Å"these practitioners prefer description, understanding, and exploration of the client’s subjective reality, as opposed to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis† (as cited in CoryRead MoreA Behavioral Treatment Plan For Carlos1644 Words   |  7 Pagespsychodynamic therapy, using free association and helping Carlos to look at his past through regular therapy sessions. Carlos would be able to see that when he lost his cousin he actually merged their identities in order to symbolically bring him back. The talk therapy may also reveal any issues that may exist in his subconscious. For example maybe he really feels trapped in his job and/or possibly frustrated with the way that his brothers treat him in regards to running the company. Behavioral As heRead MoreWomen s Responsibilities As A Caregiver Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pageswill use behavioral, cognitive-behavioral and existential theory to develop counseling plan to reach â€Å"Liz’s† desired goal of reducing her anxiety. Behavioral theory is based on the assumption that one has no free will and our behavior is a direct result of our environment. Behavior theory also views psychology as a science and relies solely on the scientific method. There is no consideration of internal aspects like emotions or thoughts, only what is observable and measurable. Behavioral theory

Where Did JFK Go to School

John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, attended  several prestigious private schools throughout his childhood. Starting his education in Massachusetts, President Kennedy went on to attend some of the top educational institutions in the country.   Massachusetts Elementary School Years Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917, JFK attended the local public school, the Edward Devotion School, from his kindergarten year in 1922 until the beginning of third grade. Some historical records state he left earlier, though school records show that he studied there until third grade. He suffered from occasional poor health, partly as a result of having had scarlet fever, which was potentially fatal in those days. Even after recovering, he suffered from mysterious and poorly understood illnesses for a lot of his childhood and adult life. After apparently starting third grade at the Edward Devotion School, Jack and his older brother, Joe, Jr., were transferred to  Noble and Greenough School,  a private school in Dedham, Massachusetts, in part because his mother, Rose Kennedy, had given birth to several more children, including a daughter named Rosemary, who was later recognized to be developmentally disabled. Rose felt that Jack and his older brother, Joe, were running wild, and that they needed the discipline Noble and Greenough could provide. At the time, the Kennedys were one of the few Irish families to attend the school; most were Protestant, and there were no or few Jews. After the lower school at Noble and Greenough was bought by developers, Joe Kennedy, Jack’s father, helped start a new school,  the Dexter School,  a boys’ school in Brookline, Massachusetts, that now educates children from preschool through 12th grade. While at Dexter, Jack became the pet of legendary headmistress Miss Fiske, who took him on a tour of the historical sites in Lexington and Concord. After a polio epidemic broke out, Rose, ever fearful for her children’s health, decided they needed a change, and the family moved to the financial capital of the country, New York. JFK’s New York Education After moving to New York, the Kennedys set up their house in Riverdale, an upscale section of the Bronx, where Kennedy attended  Riverdale Country School  from 5th through 7th grade. In 8th grade, in 1930, he was sent to  Canterbury School,  a Catholic boarding school founded in 1915 in New Milford, Connecticut. There, JFK assembled a mixed academic record, earning good marks in mathematics, English, and history (which was always his main academic interest), while failing Latin with a dismal 55. During the spring of his 8th grade year, JFK had an appendectomy and had to withdraw from Canterbury to recover. JFK at Choate: A Member of the â€Å"Muckers Club† For his high school years, starting in 1931, JFK eventually enrolled at  Choate,  a boarding and day school in Wallingford, Connecticut. His older brother, Joe, Jr., was also at Choate for JFK’s freshman and sophomore years. JFK tried to get out of Joe’s shadow, sometimes by carrying out pranks. While at Choate, JFK blew up a toilet seat with a firecracker. After this incident, headmaster George St. John held aloft the damaged toilet seat in the chapel  and referred to the perpetrators of this antic as â€Å"muckers.† Kennedy, ever a  joker, founded the â€Å"Muckers Club,† a social group that included his friends and partners-in-crime. In addition to being a prankster, JFK played football, basketball, and baseball at Choate, and he was the business manager of his senior yearbook. In his senior year, he was also voted â€Å"most likely to succeed.† According to his yearbook, he was 5’11† and weighed 155 pounds upon graduation, and his nicknames were recorded as â€Å"Jack† and â€Å"Ken.† Despite his achievements and popularity, during his years at Choate, he also suffered from continual health problems, and he was hospitalized at Yale and at other institutions for colitis and other problems. A note about the school’s name: In JFK’s day, the school was known simply as Choate. It became Choate Rosemary Hall when Choate merged with Rosemary Hall, a girls’ school, in 1971. Kennedy graduated from Choate in 1935 and went on to eventually attend Harvard after spending some time in London and at Princeton.​ Choate’s Influence on JFK There is no doubt that Choate left a significant impression on Kennedy, and the release of recent archival documents shows that this impression may have been greater than previously understood. Kennedy’s famous speech that includes the line â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country† may have reflected a Choate headmaster’s words. Headmaster George St. John, who gave sermons that JFK attended, included similar words in his speeches. An archivist at Choate found one of St. John’s notebooks in which he wrote about a quote from a Harvard dean who said, â€Å"The youth who loves his Alma Mater will always ask, not ‘What can she do for me?’ but ‘What can I do for her?’† St. John was often heard to say, it’s not what Choate does for you, but what you can do for Choate, and Kennedy may have used this phrasing, adapted from his headmaster, in his famous inaugural address, delivered in January of 1961. Some historians, however, are critical of the idea that Kennedy would have lifted the quote from his former headmaster. In addition to this recently unearthed notebook kept by headmaster George St. John, Choate holds voluminous records related to JFK’s years at the school. The Choate Archives include about 500 letters, including correspondence between the Kennedy family and the school, and books and photos of JFK’s years at the school. JFK’s Academic Record and Harvard Application Kennedy’s academic record at Choate was unimpressive and placed him in the third quarter of his class. Kennedy’s application to Harvard and his transcript from Choate were less than spectacular. His transcript, released by the Kennedy Library, shows that JFK struggled in certain classes. He earned a mark of 62 in physics, though Kennedy earned a respectable 85 in history. On his application to Harvard, Kennedy noted that his interests lay in economics and history and that he â€Å"would like to go to the same college as my father.† Jack Kennedy, JFK’s father, wrote that â€Å"Jack has a very brilliant mind for the things in which he is interested, but is careless and lacks application in those in which he is not interested.† Perhaps JFK would not have met Harvard’s stringent admissions criteria today, but there is no doubt that, although he wasn’t always a serious student at Choate, the school played an important part in his formation. At Choate, he showed, even at age 17, some of the characteristics that would make him a charismatic and important president in later years: a sense of humor, a way with words, an interest in politics and history, a connection to others, and a spirit of perseverance in the face of his own suffering. Resources and Further Reading Finnegan, Leah. â€Å"Would JFK Get Into Harvard Today?† HuffPost News, 15 Jan. 2011.â€Å"JFKs Iconic Speech Inspired by Ex-Headmaster?† CBS News, 3 Nov. 2011. Article  edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Short Story - 1651 Words

Ten hours later†¦ Hidden from view by the thick copse of trees bordering the east side of Westview High’s running track, Tyrell Carson watched with interest as Dennis approached Harry. The two ‘teenagers’ exchanged a few words before Dennis turned and walked away. Although out of earshot, Tyrell could see well enough to know the meeting was not a drug deal, and his eyebrows drew together into a frown. Something was off, but he couldn’t quite put his finger on what it was that had his spider-sense tingling. That morning, he’d attempted to bribe a student office aide to steal Brady and McQuaid’s files, but despite offering money and threatening violence, he’d failed his mission statement. Failure did not sit well with the arrogant teen, and†¦show more content†¦His attempt to recast his relationship with Tom hinged on his ability to articulate his genuine remorse, something he wasn’t always successful at accomplishing. But he was determined to give it his best shot. Then, if Tom was receptive to his apology, maybe they could rekindle their friendship. Lifting his hand, he rapped his knuckles on the door. There was no sound of life from within the apartment, even the television remained suspiciously silent. Surprise etched two deep lines between Booker’s brows. When he’d gone to the chapel in search of Tom, Judy had informed him he was still sick. With no option but to go to his friend’s home, Booker had taken the time to go home and shower before driving back across town. However, although Tom’s Mustang was parked outside the apartment building and a telltale strip of light shone from under the door, both indicating he was home, no one answered the door. Unsure whether to risk disturbing his sick friend, Booker pondered the benefit of knocking a second time. If he woke Tom up, the young officer would probably be in a bad mood, but if he turned around and went home, another twenty-four hours would pass before he could offer up an apology. Indecision deepened the dark-haired officer’s frown, his te eth worrying his lower lip as he mentally worked through the pros and cons. But it didn’t take long for him to make up his mind. He was a man of action, and now he was there, he was determined to followShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In Short Story - 1651 Words Bellowed, Ramsay, with such intensity each syllable reverberates off the walls. Without provocation, he shouts the words again and again as he sat alone in his office organizing the paper clutter on his desk. Less than a second after his outburst, he heard a voice rise from the floor - â€Å"Sir, that’s an odd remark for a Class A humanoid to say.† Startled, Ramsay jumped to his feet; his flaming red synthetic wig flew to the floor. Scanning the area close to his desk, for his wig and the voice, his lavender eyes caught sight of his wig laying a few feet from a twenty inch tall foot stool attached to multi colored wheels. Perplexed, he gradually lowered himself to the carpet for a closer examination and his curiosity spiked when he came face†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"How refreshing those words sound. Thank you, Brutus for understanding the situation.† â€Å"Sir, for curiosity sake, what motivated your performance in the first place? â€Å"Well, my shiny trusted friend, for some odd reason my artificial intelligence hiccups. Less than three hours ago, I sat at my desk trying to decide what dance to dance. Brutus, for the record, I find dancing repulsive. Therefore, the notion of even contemplating dancing baffles my digital brain. Moreover, my indecisiveness bewilders me.† Gradually, Ramsay rose to his feet, retrieved a front section of the Citizens Newspaper, published, some four months earlier. Without hesitation, he nonchalantly resumed his place on the carpet. In due course, he handed over the newspaper to Brutus and says, â€Å"You need to read this.† As Brutus scrutinized the newspaper, he uploads the date of the newspaper - January 15, 2098, a photo of Ramsay with brown eyes and black hair, and the tag line – QUESTION OF THE CENTURY – WHOSE THE SUPERIOR WRITER - HUMANOID OR HUMAN? Afterward, he reads the article and says, â€Å"Congratulation Sir, the Com mittee for Human History made the correct choice in selecting you to write the Centennial Edition of - The Good in People – Inventor’s Inventions since the Beginning of Dawn. This of course makes you the first of our species, since the war of 2020, to shatter the ceiling of glass. As a result, youShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. 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This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Evaluation of the Evidence of Heat for Geology-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEvaluation of the Evidence of Heat for Geology. Answer: Heat inside the earth and its origin are the two prime questions that forced researchers to conduct several experiments that can answer their question. This heat played a major role in shaping the environment and geology of the present-day earth (Huang at al., 2013). 4.54 billion years ago the conditions of earth were not the same like it is now, it has undergone several changes which has finally led to sustain life. The stabilization of earths temperature was possible due to the forces of nature or otherwise the forces of heat that altered earths outer geomorphology (Summerfield, 2014). The heat energy stored inside the earth is evident on the surface through the eruption of volcanoes, the violent earthquakes that represent the movement of the tectonic plates over the molten magma, the tsunamis that occur due to the movement of the oceanic plates, and the hot springs. All these natural forces are a sign that in the interior of the earth, there is a strong presence of an energy that is capable enough to both stabilize and destabilize the earths crust. Although, the heat energy is deep seeded in the interior of the earth, it travels to the surface through the conduction, convection and radiation (Modest, 2013). Fig 1: cross-section of earths interior [Source: Duffy, 2011] Heat energy flows a hot region to a cold region through radiation. Radiation is a process of heat transfer in which heat gets transferred through energy waves like infrared radiation and electromagnetic radiation. Both the forms of radiation do not involve matter to transfer the heat energy. As far as the inner core of earth is concerned, heat energy does not travel by radiation because it lacks the radioactive elements. A majority of the radioactive elements are preset in the earths crust and the mantle. The heat energy that emanates from the decay of the radioactive materials is called the radiogenic heat (Sato, Fehler Maeda, 2012). Thorium, uranium, and potassium are responsible for the majority of the radiogenic heat that is generated inside the earth. It is a debated fact that radiogenic heat generated in the mantle results in the convectional movement of the liquid mantle. Thus, radiation does not a big role in the transfer of heat energy from the core to the earth surface. De pending on the fact that core being made up of only nickel and iron which together is called the siderophile, does not conduct heat energy through radiation. This knowledge helps in the mining of the radioactive substances which is available both in the crust and the mantle. Radioactive elements on the other hand gives an added advantage in the medical research, treatment of several diseases, generation of thermal power (Chamorro et al., 2012). The heat energy in the inner core of earth is around 9000-degree Fahrenheit. The pressure inside the earths inner core is so huge that the metals get squeezed and are even not able to move in the liquid form (fig 1). However, this particular layer vibrates like a solid due to the intense pressure. While the outer core is a like a mass of hot metals in liquid state which is made up of nickel and iron. Heat energy from inner core to the outer core gets transferred through conduction. The apparently, vibrating semi solid core conducts the heat energy to the upper outer core through conduction. This heat again after crossing the lower and upper mantle moves to the next layer, which is called crust. The heat energy again gets dissipated through conduction which contributes to heating the earths crust (Kontny Bogusz, 2012). These conductions of heat energy make the geothermally hot water rise out of the crust, which are termed as geothermal springs. These geothermal springs have high mine ral content and tapping this energy can help in the generation of electricity. The next layer after the inner core is the outer core which being in liquid state conducts the heat energy to the next layer through the process of convection. The convectional heat flows into the next layer called the mantle which is composed of dense molten rock. This is the layer upon which the tectonic plates move. There are different types of crust which moves upon the fluid mantle, such as the oceanic crust, continental crust. When two continental crust collides with each other, one crust moves upon the other which leads to the formation of mountains (Suarez et al., 2014). The opposite happens when the two crusts reside which leads to the formation of furrows. Also when an oceanic crust collides with the continental crust, the oceanic crust submerges into the continental crust. The submergence of oceanic crust leads to the meltdown of the rocks that are in connection with the fluid mantle. Due to the continuous meltdown of the rock materials, a phenomenon called churning occurs which leads to the movement of the hot molten rock to the upper layers and the cold rock particles to the lower layer (Fyfe, 2012). This geological phenomenon is termed as convectional movement of the molten magma. This convectional heat flow lead to the direct buildup of the oceanic crust and helped in the formation of mountains and other geological landforms. Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the heat inside the earth that gets transferred to the surface of the earth through the process of conduction, convection, and radiation plays a major role in generation of energy, formation of geological landforms, and even mining of the radioactive substances for medical treatment. The heat that is stored inside the core of the earth is not directly transferred through the various layers like the inner and outer core, the upper and the lower mantle and the crust. The different layers although transfer the heat energy, however are geologically not made of same contents. Hence, the conduction process differs from the other layers. However, each and every layer contributes to the buildup of heat and the different layers conduct the heat through different processes, which ultimately reaches to the surface of the earth and are both measurable and can be harnessed for energy generation. Reference Chamorro, C. R., Mondjar, M. E., Ramos, R., Segovia, J. J., Martn, M. C., Villaman, M. A. (2012). World geothermal power production status: Energy, environmental and economic study of high enthalpy technologies.Energy,42(1), 10-18. Duffy, T. (2011). Earth science: Probing the core's light elements.Nature,479(7374), 480-481. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/479480a Fyfe, W. S. (2012).Fluids In The Earth's Crust: Their Significance In Metamorphic, Tectonic And Chemical Transport Process(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Huang, Y., Chubakov, V., Mantovani, F., Rudnick, R. L., McDonough, W. F. (2013). A reference Earth model for the heat?producing elements and associated geoneutrino flux.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,14(6), 2003-2029. Kontny, B., Bogusz, J. (2012). Models of vertical movements of the Earth crust surface in the area of Poland derived from leveling and GNSS data.Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia,9(3), 167. Modest, M. F. (2013).Radiative heat transfer. Academic press. Sato, H., Fehler, M. C., Maeda, T. (2012).Seismic wave propagation and scattering in the heterogeneous earth(Vol. 496). Berlin: Springer. Suarez, C. A., Gonzlez, L. A., Ludvigson, G. A., Kirkland, J. I., Cifelli, R. L., Kohn, M. J. (2014). Multi-taxa isotopic investigation of paleohydrology in the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Eastern Utah, USA: deciphering effects of the Nevadaplano Plateau on regional climate.Journal of Sedimentary Research,84(11), 975-987. Summerfield, M. A. (2014).Global geomorphology. Routledge.

Virtual Reality Essays - Virtual Reality, Head-mounted Display

Virtual Reality Virtual Reality - What it is and How it Works Imagine being able to point into the sky and fly. Or perhaps walk through space and connect molecules together. These are some of the dreams that have come with the invention of virtual reality. With the introduction of computers, numerous applications have been enhanced or created. The newest technology that is being tapped is that of artificial reality, or virtual reality (VR). When Morton Heilig first got a patent for his Sensorama Simulator in 1962, he had no idea that 30 years later people would still be trying to simulate reality and that they would be doing it so effectively. Jaron Lanier first coined the phrase virtual reality around 1989, and it has stuck ever since. Unfortunately, this catchy name has caused people to dream up incredible uses for this technology including using it as a sort of drug. This became evident when, among other people, Timothy Leary became interested in VR. This has also worried some of the researchers who are trying to create very real application s for medical, space, physical, chemical, and entertainment uses among other things. In order to create this alternate reality, however, you need to find ways to create the illusion of reality with a piece of machinery known as the computer. This is done with several computer-user interfaces used to simulate the senses. Among these, are stereoscopic glasses to make the simulated world look real, a 3D auditory display to give depth to sound, sensor lined gloves to simulate tactile feedback, and head-trackers to follow the orientation of the head. Since the technology is fairly young, these interfaces have not been perfected, making for a somewhat cartoonish simulated reality. Stereoscopic vision is probably the most important feature of VR because in real life, people rely mainly on vision to get places and do things. The eyes are approximately 6.5 centimeters apart, and allow you to have a full-colour, three-dimensional view of the world. Stereoscopy, in itself, is not a very new id ea, but the new twist is trying to generate completely new images in real- time. In 1933, Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the first stereoscope with the same basic principle being used in today's head-mounted displays. Presenting different views to each eye gives the illusion of three dimensions. The glasses that are used today work by using what is called an electronic shutter. The lenses of the glasses interleave the left-eye and right-eye views every thirtieth of a second. The shutters selectively block and admit views of the screen in sync with the interleaving, allowing the proper views to go into each eye. The problem with this method though is that you have to wear special glasses. Most VR researchers use complicated headsets, but it is possible to create stereoscopic three-dimensional images without them. One such way is through the use of lenticular lenses. These lenses, known since Herman Ives experimented with them in 1930, allow one to take two images, cut them into thin vertical slices and interleave them in precise order (also called multiplexing) and put cylinder shaped lenses in front of them so that when you look into them directly, the images correspond with each eye. This illusion of depth is based on what is called binocular parallax. Another problem that is solved is that which occurs when one turns their head. Nearby objects appear to move more than distant objects. This is called motion parallax. Lenticular screens can show users the proper stereo images when moving their heads well when a head- motion sensor is used to adjust the effect. Sound is another important part of daily life, and thus must be simulated well in order to create artificial reality. Many scientists including Dr. Elizabeth Wenzel, a researcher at NASA, are convinced the 3D audio will be useful for scientific visualization and space applications in the ways the 3D video is somewhat limited. She has come up with an interesting use for virtual sound that would allow an astronaut to hear the state of their oxygen, or have an acoustical beacon that directs one to a trouble spot on a satellite. The Convolvotron is one such device that simulates the